Health and Weight - Life Style, Nutrition and Exercise

Tuesday, June 11, 2024

Excess Salt May Make Arteries Stiff and Cause Vascular Problems

Data from both animal and human studies provide evidence that salt impairs endothelial function and increases arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure.
Vascular Effects of Dietary Salt
David G. Edwards and William B. Farquhar
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 May 15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431073/

Heart failure and salt: The great debate

December 18, 2018

https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/heart-failure-and-salt-the-great-debate-2018121815563

Vascular Stiffness in Aging and Disease

REVIEW article

Front. Physiol., 07 December 2021

Sec. Vascular Physiology

https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.762437

This article is part of the Research Topic

Cardiovascular Remodeling in Aging and Disease

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.762437/full

Effects of Sodium Intake on Health and Performance in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Sports

by Eleftherios Veniamakis 1,Georgios Kaplanis 1,Panagiotis Voulgaris 1 andPantelis T. Nikolaidis 2,*ORCID

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 72300 Sitia, Greece

School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: Alberto Pérez-López

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063651

Received: 26 January 2022 / Revised: 3 March 2022 / Accepted: 8 March 2022 / Published: 19 March 2022

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/6/3651/htm

Dietary Sodium Restriction Reverses Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Middle-Aged/Older Adults With Moderately Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure

FREE ACCESS

Hypertension

Kristen L. Jablonski, Matthew L. Racine, Candace J. Geolfos, Phillip E. Gates, Michel Chonchol, Matthew B. McQueen, and Douglas R. Seals

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jan, 61 (3) 335–343

Clinical significance

The concept that high sodium intake has adverse CV effects independent of BP has been advanced previously (9,12). High dietary sodium impairs EDD even in rodents that are salt-resistant and, thus, do not exhibit increases in BP in response to a high-salt diet (13,18,20). Acute impairment of EDD in normotensive adults after sodium loading also is BP independent (11), and adults with elevated SBP who report lower sodium intake have enhanced EDD independent of BP (16). The present results extend these findings to sodium restriction and lend support to the overall hypothesis that sodium intake not only elevates BP but also exerts other adverse influences (12). The effects of sodium restriction on endothelial function reported here also complement previous findings that reducing sodium intake can rapidly de-stiffen large elastic arteries (21), another independent vascular risk factor for CVD (40). The improvements in these 2 common forms of arterial dysfunction, both predictors of CV events (3,4,40), suggest that DSR has strong potential for reducing CVD risk via broad vasculoprotective effects.

https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.010

ud. 12.6.2024, 24.9.2022, 17.9.2022

pub. 25.9.2019

23 BMI - Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Problems for Indians and Asians - Don't Allow Your Weight to Increase and Cross 23 BMI

BMI above 23 is a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Please note. Do not allow weight to increase and cross 23 BMI.

Diabetes is metabolic disorder. Triglycerides and Cholesterol are also metabolic disorders and have the foundation in food habits causing diabetes.

Increase in blood pressure indicates that a permanent problem in blood flow occurred in the blood pipes or vessels. When the problem occurs in main arteries, various pain symptoms appear. When the problem is in minor arteries, only blood pressure is the visible measurement.

Discussion Regarding 23 BMI

It is clear that increased body weight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The relationship between body weight and type 2 diabetes is more properly attributable to the quantity and distribution of body fat . Abdominal circumference and waist and hip measurements are highly correlated with cardiometabolic risk.

The measurement of body weight with various corrections for height is frequently used to assess risk for obesity-related diseases because it is the most economical and practical approach in both clinical and epidemiologic settings. The most commonly used measure is Quetelet’s index or BMI, defined as weight ÷ height2, with weight in kilograms and height in meters.

There is a propensity for Asians to develop visceral versus peripheral adiposity, which is more closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes than overall adiposity. Asians of both sexes have been shown to have a higher percentage of body fat at any given BMI level compared with non-Hispanic whites; this suggests differences in body composition that may contribute to variations in diabetes prevalence.

In 2004, data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) showed that the odds of prevalent diabetes were 60% higher for Asian Americans than non-Hispanic whites after adjusting for BMI, age, and sex (23). The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS; 1997–2008 data) found that the odds of prevalent diabetes were 40% higher in Asian Americans relative to non-Hispanic whites after adjusting for differences in age and sex. In fully adjusted logistic regression models including an adjustment for BMI as a categorical variable (underweight/normal weight: BMI <23 kg/m2, overweight: 23 ≤ BMI < 27.5 kg/m2, and obese: BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2), Asian Americans remained 30–50% more likely to have diabetes than their non-Hispanic white counterparts.

Thus in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a BMI value of 22 kg/m2 was selected as the eligibility BMI for Asians.

The diagnostic cutoff for overweight BMI in India (48) is 23 kg/m2.

BMI cut points with a sensitivity of 80% fall consistently between 23–24 kg/m2 for nearly all Asian American subgroups (with levels slightly lower for Japanese). This makes a rounded cut point of 23 kg/m2 practical

ADA Recommendation

Testing for diabetes should be considered for all Asian American adults who present with a BMI of ≥23 kg/m2.

https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/38/1/150/37769/BMI-Cut-Points-to-Identify-At-Risk-Asian-Americans

48.Misra A, Chowbey P, Makkar BM, et alConcensus Group. Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and surgical management. J Assoc Physicians India 2009;57:163–170

[PDF] researchgate.net

[PDF] Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity …

A Misra, P Chowbey, BM Makkar, NK Vikram, JS Wasir… - Japi, 2009 - researchgate.net

Asian Indians exhibit unique features of obesity; excess body fat, abdominal adiposity,

increased subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat, and deposition of fat in ectopic sites (liver,

muscle, etc.). Obesity is a major driver for the widely prevalent metabolic syndrome and type

2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Asian Indians in India and those residing in other countries.

Based on percentage body fat and morbidity data, limits of normal BMI are narrower and

lower in Asian Indians than in white Caucasians. In this consensus statement, we present …

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Janaki-Srinath-Puskuri/publication/325404564_Consensus_Statement_for_Diagnosis_of_Obesity_Abdominal_Obesity_and_the_Metabolic_Syndrome_for_Asian_Indians_and_Recommendations_for_Physical_Activity_Medical_and_Surgical_Management/links/5b0c416a0f7e9b1ed7fbabc2/Consensus-Statement-for-Diagnosis-of-Obesity-Abdominal-Obesity-and-the-Metabolic-Syndrome-for-Asian-Indians-and-Recommendations-for-Physical-Activity-Medical-and-Surgical-Management.pdf