Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) refers to dilation (widening) of an artery when blood flow increases in that artery. The primary cause of FMD is release of nitric oxide by endothelial cells.
Normotensive overweight/obese patients who were salt restricted for six weeks showed an endothelin 1 (ET-1) decrease of 14% associated with a 45% increase in FMD.
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a peptide that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the human body. It is primarily produced and secreted by endothelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner walls of blood vessels. ET-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor, meaning it causes blood vessels to constrict or narrow. ET-1 has been shown to be one of the most potent vasoconstrictors.1
https://www.astrazeneca.com/what-science-can-do/topics/disease-understanding/endothelin-1.html
Brachial Artery Flow-Mediated Dilation in Healthy Men, Men with Risk Factors, and Men with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Importance of Occlusion-Cuff Position
https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-brachial-artery-flow-mediated-dilation-in-articulo-13038881
Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes
Exercise Therapy in the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease.
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by AO Hallak · 2023 · flow-mediated dilation, consistent with an improvement in endothelial health
Another study of endothelial function in patients with CAD and post-myocardial infarction revealed improved endothelial function after ET, regardless of the type of training. However, the improvement
noticed disappeared after 1 month of detraining.
February 23, 2024
30-Day Atorvastatin Improved Brachial Artery FMD in Patients With HFpEF, but More Research Is Needed
Long-term Successful Weight Loss Improves Vascular Endothelial Function in Severely Obese Individuals
Sherman J. Bigornia, Melanie M. Mott, Donald T. Hess, Caroline M. Apovian, Marie E. McDonnell, Mai-Ann Duess, Matthew A. Kluge … See all authors
First published: 06 September 2012 https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.482
Weight Reduction With Very-Low-Caloric Diet and Endothelial Function in Overweight Adults: Role of Plasma Glucose
Maria Raitakari, Thomas Ilvonen, Markku Ahotupa, Terho Lehtimäki, Aimo Harmoinen, Pauli Suominen, Juhani Elo, Jaakko Hartiala, and Olli T. RaitakariAUTHOR INFO & AFFILIATIONS
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
Volume 24, Number 1
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000109749.11042.7
The vascular endothelium plays an important role in the regulation of arterial tone, thrombosis, and inflammation.
Endothelial dysfunction may predispose arteries to the development of atherosclerotic lesions and is pathophysiologically linked to acute cardiovascular syndromes.1 A common condition that gives rise to endothelial dysfunction is obesity. Endothelial-dependent vascular responses to both agonist-stimulated2,3 and flow-mediated vasodilation4 have been shown to be blunted in obese individuals.
Atherosclerotic lesions
Atherosclerosis
Aldons J. Lusis
The early lesions of atherosclerosis consist of subendothelial accumulations of cholesterol-engorged macrophages, called ‘foam cells’. In humans, such ‘fatty streak’ lesions can usually be found in the aorta in the first decade of life, the coronary arteries in the second decade, and the cerebral arteries in the third or fourth decades.
Fatty streaks are not clinically significant, but they are the precursors of more advanced lesions characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich necrotic debris and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Such ‘fibrous lesions’ typically have a ‘fibrous cap’ consisting of SMCs and extracellular matrix that encloses a lipid-rich ‘necrotic core’. Plaques can become increasingly complex, with calcification, ulceration at the luminal surface, and haemorrhage from small vessels that grow into the lesion from the media of the blood vessel wall. Advanced lesions can grow sufficiently large to block blood flow.
The most important clinical complication is an acute occlusion due to the formation of a thrombus or blood clot, resulting in myocardial infarction or stroke. Usually, the thrombus formation (thrombosis) occurs due to rupture or erosion of the lesion.
Read more detail in.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826222/
Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries. These lesions may lead to narrowing of the arterial walls due to buildup of atheromatous plaques.
Ud. 25.6.2024
Pub. 12.6.2024
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